AS I REFLECT on my own forty years of military service, and my later years of diplomacy and peacemaking, I have to ask: “What is our legacy?” My son is now a Marine captain. What have we left for him to look forward to?
We all know that burgeoning technology will widen his horizons beyond anything we can imagine. It will also present new questions of ethics and morality that we have barely begun to fathom. Yet he must also live with the organization I have had to live with for forty years. Napoleon could reappear today and recognize the Central Command staff organization: J-1, administration stovepipe; J-2, intelligence stovepipe—you get the idea. This antiquated organization is oblivious to what everyone else in the world is doing: flattening organization structure, with decentralized operations and more direct communications. This must be fixed.
My son will have to deal with the inevitable military-civilian rift and drift—which will become more severe in the future. He will also have to deal with the social issues we have not been able to fix. And they will get tougher, within a national debate over why we still need a strong military. My son’s generation must ultimately face the question of how much the military should be a reflection of U.S. society. The people of America will get the military they want, in due course, but it is up to the military to advise them about the risks and consequences of their decisions.
My son will face nontraditional missions in messy places that will make Somalia, Afghanistan, and Iraq look like a picnic. He will see a changed battlefield, with an accelerated tempo and greatly expanded knowledge base. He will witness a great drop in the sense of calling. People entering the military will not be imprinted with his code. On his watch, my son is likely to see a weapons of mass destruction event. Another and worse 9/11 will occur in some city, somewhere in the world where Americans are gathered. When that nasty bug or gas or nuke is released, it will forever change him and his institutions. At that point, all the lip service paid to dealing with such an eventuality will be revealed for what it is—lip service. And he will have to deal with it for real. In its wake, I hope he gets to deal with yet another—and better—Goldwater-Nichols arrangement.
What will we expect of him as a battlefield commander? Brains, guts, and determination—nothing new here. But we would ask for more than battlefield skill from our future commanders. We want character, sense of moral responsibility, and an ethical standard that rises above those of all other professions. We want him to be a model who accepts the profession of arms as a calling. We want him to take care of our sons and daughters and treat their lives as precious—putting them in harm’s way only if it truly counts. We’ll expect him to stand up to civilian leadership before thinking of his own career.
And I hope that we would think enough of him and his compatriots to show some respect for them along the way.
I have been all over this globe and exposed to most of the cultures on it. I am fascinated by them. I love the diversity. I want to understand them and embrace them. I could never understand prejudice or rejection or the sense of superiority that drive the hatemongers of the world. I lived through a tumultuous period of our history when our own minorities broke from second-class citizenship into full participation in this wonderful dream we call America. I have been proud of their accomplishments and contributions. They have proven the bigots wrong and made our nation greater. I hope the dream we have struggled to realize can be extended to the rest of the planet.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Working on this book has been a long, hard process. Thanks to the friendship, encouragement, patience, prodding, creativity, and skillful contributions of Tom Clancy, Tony Koltz, Neil Nyren, Marty Greenberg, and Fred Williams, this project was made possible.
—Tony Zinni
INDEX
Abdullah, King (Jordan)
Abdullah, Crown Prince (Saudi Arabia)
Abdullah, Zaini, Dr.
Abramowitz, Mort
Aceh-Indonesia conflict
Addis Ababa
AD Skyraider aircraft
Advanced Operating Base
Afghanistan
Africa . See also Somalia
African Center for Strategic Studies (ACSS)
African Crisis Response Initiatives (ACRI)
Aideed, Mohammed Farrah
Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)
Air campaign
Air Power Doctrine
Ala, Abu
Albright, Madeleine
Al Jazeera
All-Volunteer Force
Al Qaeda
Altynbayev, Gen.
Ambassadors
American Empire
Amphibious ops
Anderson, W. M., Maj.
Annan, Kofi
Arabs
Arafat, Yasser
Armitage, Richard
Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN)
Arroyo, Gloria
Asymmetric capabilities
Atto, Osman
Authorized Weapons Storage Sites (AWSSs)
Avebury, Eric, Lord
Ba’ath party headquarters
Badime
Baker, James
Balkans
Bandar, Prince
Bangladeshi Battalion
Barak, Ehud
Barre, Siad
Barzani, Masoud
Battle Command Training Program (BCTP)
Battlefield commander
Battlefield reports
Battle of the Bong Son Plain
Battle of Gallipoli
Battle of Mogadishu
Battle rhythm
Battle Staff
Bedard, Buck, Col.
Beirut Air Bridge
Beirut Marine barracks bombing
Berger, Sandy
Berlin
Berlin Wall
Binh Dinh Province (II CTZ)
Bin Jassim, Hamad
Bin Laden, Osama
Birddog light observation plane (“Herbie”)
Body counts
Bong Son Plain
battle of
Booby traps
Booz Allen
Bosnia
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros
Bright Star (military exercise)
Brooks, Karen
Burch, Hal, Brig.
Burns, Bill
Buscemi, Mario, Lt. Gen.
Bush, George H. W.
Bush, George W.
Bushnell, Prudence
Butler, Richard
C-130
Cadre status
Campbell, Don, Brig. Gen.
Camp David negotiations
Camp Foster
Camp Hansen
Camp Hauge
Camp Lejeune
Camp Pendleton
Capstone course
Careerism
Caribbean
Carter administration
Center of gravity
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
Central Asia
Central Command, U.S. (CENTCOM)
Zinni appointed DCINC
Zinni appointed CINC
and Somalia
staff organization
strategy, politics, and New American Empire
CH-53 helo
Chalabi, Ahmed
Chelberg, Bob, Lt. Gen.
Cheney, Dick
China
Cholera
Christians
Civil Agency Response Element (CARE)
Civil-Military Operations Center (CMOC)
Clark Air Force Base
Clinton administration
Camp David negotiations
National Security Strategy
new global strategy
Coalition Support Teams
Code to live by
Cohen, William
Cold War . See also Soviet Union
aftermath of
peace dividend from
vestiges of
Combat missions
Combined Task Force (CTF)
Commander in chief (CINC)
Commander in chief Europe (CINCEUR)
Company D
Company tactical test
Company training
Components
Concepts and Capabilities Branch
Conflict resolution
Congress, U.S.
Congressional delegation (CODEL)
Constitution, U.S.
Containment
Conventional war
Crisis Action Team (CAT)
Croizat, Victor J., Col.
Cuban revolution
Cymkin, Tom
Dahlan, Mohamed
Dalton, John
Dam Tra O
Danang
Danger close
Danoon, Nashwan, Brig. Gen.
DeCosta, Dick, Gunnery Sgt.
Defense Department, U.S.
Deputy commander in chief (DCINC)
Dereliction of Duty (McMaster)
Deskins, Corp.
Development
DiSabatino, Cecilia
DiSabatino, Zupito
Disaster assistance
Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART)
Displaced persons
Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières)
Dong Nai boats
Downing, Wayne, Gen.
Downing Commission
Draft
Drug use
Dual Containment
Dunant, Henri
Durant, Michael, Chief Warrant Officer
Early Bird
East Africa
East African Community (EAC)
East Berlin
Eastern bloc nations
East Timor
East-West competition
Egypt
Eisenhower, Dwight
Ekeus, Rolf
Eliezer, Ben
Elmo, Capt.
Emerald Express
Engagement
Environmental security
Erekat, Sa’eb
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Ethiopia-Eritrea war
Ethnic hatred
Europe
European Command, U.S. (EUCOM)
Evil Empire
Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)
Failed states
Fast-breaking missions
Feedback
Fieldcraft
Firefights
sense of
Fire procedure
1st Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF)
Flak jacket
Flamethrower
Fleet Antiterrorist Support Team (FAST)
Former Soviet Union (FSU)
Forward headquarters
France
Franks, Tommy, Gen.
Free Aceh Movement (GAM)
Fugit, Ed
Fulda Gap
Galvin, Jack, Gen.
Garcia, Lt. Gen.
Garner, Jay, Maj. Gen.
Garrett, John, Col.
Gbeho, Victor
Geneva Convention requirements
Giap, Gen.
Gingrich, Newt
Globalization
Godfrey, Jack, Maj. Gen.
Golden Spear
Goldwater-Nichols Act
Gray, Al, Gen.
Griffiths, Martin
Grossman, Marc
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
Gulf War
Gunn, Lee, Rear Adm.
Habbaniyah Air Base
Hamas
Hamilton, Bob, Capt.
Haynes, Fred, Maj. Gen.
Heebner, Dave, Gen.
Helicopters
Henri Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HDC)
“Herbies” (observation planes)
Hess, Capt.
Highway 1
Hirsch, John
Hoar, Joe, Gen.
Hobson, Jim, Brig. Gen.
Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Horn of Africa
“House of Pain” (Iraq intelligence HQ)
Howe, Jonathan, Adm.
H & S Company
Hue City
Hughes, Dan
Humanitarian Assessment Support Team (HAST)
Humanitarian assistance
in Iraq
in Somalia
Humanitarian Operation Center (HOC)
Humanitarian Relief Sectors (HRSs)
Human relations training
Hussein, Saddam
Ia Drang Valley
Incirlik Air Base
Independence movements
Inderfer, Rick
India
Indonesia
Infantry
Information revolution
Innovations
Institute of Peace, U.S. (USIP)
Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC)
Iran
Iraq
destroys WMD
and Gulf War
hypothetical post-Saddam
Kurds in
no-fly zone in
orders U.S. inspectors to leave
Republican Guard in
sanctions against
U-2 flights over
U.S. goal shift for
Iraqi Liberation Act
Iraqi National Congress (INC)
Iraq War
Iron Curtain
Isaias, Afwerki
Islam
Islamic Jihad
Isolationism
Israel
Middle East peace negotiations
J-3 command center
Jackson, Bobby, Gunnery Sgt.
Jamerson, Jim, Maj. Gen.
Japan
Jaskilka, Sam, Maj. Gen.
Jefferson, Thomas
Jess, Omar, Col.
Jihadis
Johnston, Bob, Lt. Gen.
Johnston, Phil
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
Joint Fires operating procedure
Joint Task Force (JTF)
Joint Task Force Kuwait
Jordan
Karamat, Jehangir, Gen.
Kargil
Karine A takedown
Kashmir
Kazakhstan
Kelley., Gen.
Kennedy, John F.
Kennedy, Kevin, Col.
Kenya
Ketamine
Khat chewers
Khe Sanh
Khobar Towers suicide bombing
Kim Jong Il
Kinh, Capt.
Kismayo
Kit Carson Scouts
Kittani, Ismat
Korea
Korean War
Koza
Krulak, Chuck, Lt. Gen.
Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP)
Kurds
Kurtzer, Dan
Kuwait
Lake, Tony
Lambert, Staff Sgt.
Laney, Jim
Larson, Terje
Latin America
Latvia
Leadership
Learning
Lebanon
Legacy of military
Lehman, John
LePage, Maurice, Maj. Gen.
Liaison Office, U.S. (USLO)
Liberia
Line of Control
Loi, Nguyen Dac
Loncur, Budamir
Luck, Gary, Gen.
M-16 rifle
M-60 machine gun
MacPherson, Bob, Col.
Madison, James
Maneuver Warfare
Mariam, Mengitsu Haile
Marine Advisory Unit
Marine Air Ground Task Force Staff Training Program (MSTP)
Marine Corps, U.S.
Beirut barracks bombing
drug use in
officers
post-Cold War changes in
post-Vietnam changes in
qualities of
racial tensions in
rifle company training
spe
cial operations capability
“Striking Ninth” regiment
unit cohesion
Vietnam War legacy
Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC)
Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB)
Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)
Marine Expeditionary Unit (SOC)
Marshall, Andrew
Marshall, George
Marshall Plan
Master Air Attack Plan
Mauldin, Bill
Maxwell, Dayton
Maxwell Air Force Base
Mazen, Abu
McCain, John
McCarthy, Jim, Gen.
McMaster, H. R., Maj.
McNamara, Robert
Medevac helo
Media
Mediators
Megawati, Sukarnoputri
Meles Zenawi
Mentor relationship
Metzger, Pete, Lt.
Middle East
Middle East peace mission
round one
round two
round three
Military Assistance, Training, and Advisory course (MATA)
Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV)
Military for twenty-first century
Miller, Aaron
Mindanao
Minority troops
Mitchell, George
Mobs
Mofaz, Shaul
Moffett, John, Col.
Mogadishu
Mohamed, Ali Mahdi
Mohood, Malik Haythar
Moi, Daniel
Montgomery, Tom, Maj. Gen.
Moore, Willy, Vice Adm.
Moral courage
Moratinos, Miguel
Morgan, Hersi, Gen.
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
Moshe, Romen, Col.
Mubarak, Hosni
Mukhabarat
Mundy, Carl, Gen.
Musharraf, Pervez, Gen.
Myers, Bob, Lt.
Nabb, Dick, Col.
Naha
National Defense University
National Guard
National Security Strategy
National War College
Nation-building
NATO
reshaping of
Natural Fire
Naval Operations Strategic Studies Group (SSG)
Navy and Marine Corps Medal
Neal, Butch, Gen.
Nesbit, Nelgun
Newbold, Greg, Lt. Gen.
New World Order
Nguyen, Hoa Dang, Lt.